Equity as Compensation
Expected value of startup equity: base × probability of exit × your diluted ownership. Example: 0.1% of a $100M exit = $100K. But probability of $100M exit is ~5%. Expected value: $5K. Compare to the salary discount you took to get that equity.
For companies: equity is cheapest compensation for early employees (pre-product-market fit), but becomes expensive post-Series B when the stock has real value. Switch to competitive cash + modest equity post-Series A.